They had easily detachable and replaceable segments, and allowed for cleaning.Ī Chinese ceramic model of a well with a water pulley system, excavated from a tomb of the Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) period Clay pipes were later used in the Hittite city of Hattusa. The city of Uruk also demonstrates the first examples of brick constructed latrines, from 3200 BCE. The Mesopotamians introduced clay sewer pipes around 4000 BCE, with the earliest examples found in the Temple of Bel at Nippur and at Eshnunna, utilised to remove wastewater from sites, and capture rainwater, in wells. In ancient Peru, the Nazca people employed a system of interconnected wells and an underground watercourse known as puquios.Īncient Near East Mesopotamia Bronze and early Iron Ages Ancient Americas Thereafter, wastewater was used for disposal, irrigation, and fertilization purposes by Hellenic civilizations and later by Romans in areas surrounding cities (e.g. Mesopotamian, Indus valley, and Minoan) since the Bronze Age (ca. Likewise, land application of domestic wastewater is an old and common practice, which has gone through different stages of development.ĭomestic wastewater was used for irrigation by prehistoric civilizations (e.g. Reuse of untreated municipal wastewater has been practiced for many centuries with the objective of diverting human waste outside of urban settlements. Waste water reuse is an ancient practice, which has been applied since the dawn of human history, and is connected to the development of sanitation provision. The size of human settlements was largely dependent on nearby available water.Ī primitive indoor, tree bark lined, two-channel, stone, fresh and wastewater system appears to have featured in the houses of Skara Brae, and the Barnhouse Settlement, from around 3000 BCE, along with a cell-like enclave in a number of houses, of Skara Brae, that it has been suggested may have functioned as an early indoor latrine. Wells dug around 6500 BC have been found in the Jezreel Valley. Skara Brae, a Neolithic village in Orkney, Scotland with home furnishings including water-flushing toilets, 3180 BC–2500 BCĭuring the Neolithic era, humans dug the first permanent water wells, from where vessels could be filled and carried by hand.

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